Meterse en la cabeza de los demás
Meterse en la cabeza de los demás:
El enigma del lenguaje facial
Tras los viajes interplanetarios y el desciframiento del genoma los seres humanos tenemos la sensación de vivir en un mundo explorado y conocido. ¿Quién nos diría que aún quedan misterios sin resolver y que no hay que irse muy lejos para toparse con ellos?. Es suficiente con plantarse delante de un espejo, mirar nuestra cara y empezar a jugar con el enigma de la sonrisa, de la tristeza, del enfado, del miedo, del asco, de la sorpresa.
De este sistema expresivo facial queda por explicar:
- Su UNIVERSALIDAD: Si viajamos a un país lejano no entenderemos la lengua de sus habitantes pero podremos interpretar sin problemas su lenguaje facial.
- Su ORIGEN: En la escala filogenética no hemos sido los primeros en emplear este lenguaje. Al ver fotografías de primates lo que nos da esa sensación de cercanía -de humanidad- es la expresividad de su rostro. Incluso algunos mamíferos marinos -como la ballena belluga- muestran un rudimentario pero encantador repertorio de caras. En la escala ontogenética el bebé humano despliega su competencia en la sincronización de ojos, cejas y nariz mucho antes de andar y hablar.
El planteamiento del enigma ya estaba en Darwin. En su libro "El origen de las expresiones emocionales en el hombre y en los animales" muestra su interés por el tema. Entre la imagen de un mono trepando por los árboles y la de un hombre leyendo es difícil plantear la continuidad evolutiva. No lo es tanto ante una imagen de una mamá chimpancé y de su cría mirándose amorosamente.
Siguiendo su razonamiento, las expresiones emocionales serían un componente del sistema de activación. Por ejemplo, si voy paseando por el bosque y se me aparece un oso, se iniciará una cadena de cambios en mi cuerpo: aumento del ritmo cardíaco, del ritmo respiratorio, erizamiento del vello… Además abriré mucho los ojos y la boca, echaré la cabeza hacia atrás, tensaré la frente… La emoción de miedo abarcaría el fragmento facial de la reacción del cuerpo para emprender la huida.
¿Cómo se segregó la expresión emocional?. Empezaré dando una pista: el lenguaje facial se desarrolla en especies animales en las que se establecen fuertes vínculos entre los miembros de la misma especie. Los reptiles no tienen expresiones emocionales. Algunos mamíferos sí.
Si voy por el bosque y veo un oso mi reacción corporal puede salvarme a mí. La expresión de mi cara, si es interpretada como señal de peligro, puede salvar también a mi familia. No es necesario que vean al oso, es suficiente con que se fijen en mi rostro, con que vean mi expresión de miedo.
El cuerpo tiene otras formas de manifestarse. El olor -predominante en roedores o en perros-, el color -en los camaleones- … Estas primitivas conquistas evolutivas permiten al cuerpo informar sobre su estado. Sobre esta base algunas especies han generado sistemas referenciales para informar sobre el entorno. Evidentemente, ninguno llega a la complejidad léxica y morfosintáctica del lenguaje humano. Las expresiones faciales no son referenciales pero componen un sistema de comunicación mucho más sofisticado que las paletas de olores y colores. Su capacidad para combinarse en emociones complejas nos sugiere una gramática ancestral y oculta.
Los seres humanos somos unos grandes lectores de caras. De manera implícita, sin que nadie nos enseñe, desarrollamos la capacidad para asomarnos al interior de la otra persona a partir de sus expresiones faciales. Es el procedimiento básico para una especie que posee Teoría de la Mente, es decir, que infiere en los demás lo que no es visible: sentimientos, pensamientos, intenciones….
En la actualidad se ha puesto en marcha una simulación de este proceso de decodificación. A partir de un vídeo del rostro de una persona, un software analiza sus cuatro componentes claves -cara, ojos, cejas y nariz- y consigue reconocer si es hombre o mujer y si está triste o alegre. El objetivo es llegar a conseguir "meterse en la cabeza de una persona" para conocer su reacción ante, por ejemplo, un anuncio publicitario.
Fuente: Un software determina el estado de ánimo de las personas en tiempo real
http://www.tendencias21.net/index.php?action=article&id_article=678934
Además de estas aplicaciones comerciales, un software de este tipo resultaría de gran ayuda para las personas autistas ya que el núcleo de su trastorno es la incapacidad para desarrollar implícitamente una Teoría de la Mente. Aunque estemos muy lejos de resolver el enigma del lenguaje facial, es una buena noticia que se haya emprendido el camino.
¿Hay alguna configuración facial universalmente reconocida para la excitación? Porque vista la cantidad de sexo que meten en los anuncios, seguro que a los ingenieros que han diseñado ese software para identificar las reacciones emocionales de la gente ante las vallas publicitarias, seguro que les interesaba mucho más que la tristeza o la alegría…
No es una emoción básica, es una pulsión como el hambre o la sed. La expresión será básicamente de placer ("tiene cara de estar pasándoselo muy bien) pero, al ser la excitación sexual un paquete funcional/motivacional, sería esperable una combinación de expresiones. Tambien al ser secundaria pierde su universalidad y cabe esperar diferencias culturales e individuales.
Entonces me temo que el invento del software del que habla el artículo no va a servir de mucho a los publicistas, porque los anuncios no tienen la \
“misión” de hacernos sentir tristes o alegres, sino de incitarnos a comprar un determinado producto. Para eso usan el sexo como reclamo, ¿no?
Quizá es que yo soy un poco escéptico respecto a estas cosas, pero dudo mucho que un software sea capaz de interpretar las emociones humanas. Sobre todo si, como dice usted, profesora Gallo, nosotros aprendemos de modo intuitivo a reconocer caras. ¿Cómo vamos a programar algo de lo que no somos conscientes?
Por cierto, gracias por contestar tan deprisa.
Pilar te refires al ¿”Facial Action Coding System” (FACS) de Ekman y Friesen?
Al agudo Prof. Xavier le comento que el hecho de que aprendamos algo intuitivamente no quiere decir que no genere una lógica que pueda ser descubierta desde fuera por un analizador de caras como el de la investigación que se comenta. Algo de lógica tiene que tener cuando el lenguaje facial es universal. De hecho, en la entrada se hace referencia a una gramática ancestral y misteriosa.
La lógica es anterior a la conciencia, prof. Xavier.
A Mª José le invito a que se introduzca en la página web que aparece en la entrada. Pero me parece interesante el artefacto al que hace referencia, por lo que me encantaría que me lo describiese. Gracias.
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