Pérdida de la identidad
¿Sabríamos quiénes somos si fuéramos perdiendo los recuerdos sobre los acontecimientos en que hemos participado a lo largo de nuestras vidas?
Esta pérdida de recuerdos es precisamente lo que les sucede a las personas que padecen la enfermedad de Alzheimer, un trastorno que se está haciendo más común a medida que aumenta la esperanza de vida de la población. Se están realizando importantes avances biomédicos para controlar los procesos neuropatológicos que tienen consecuencias tan devastadoras. Pero mientras esperamos esa solución es importante que tratemos de comprender cómo se sienten las personas que sufren la pérdida de TODO el conocimiento que han acumulado durante su vida, porque de esta manera podremos procurarles un apoyo y cuidado más adecuados.
La identidad de cada uno de nosotros depende en buena medida de nuestra memoria autobiográfica, es decir de nuestros recuerdos sobre cómo somos y sobre los incidentes ocurridos en nuestra vida. En la enfermedad de Alzheimer la memoria autobiográfica se va perdiendo con un determinado gradiente temporal.
Primero se ven afectados los recuerdos más recientes, por ejemplo lo sucedido en los últimos diez años, y luego se van perdiendo recuerdos de épocas anteriores. Como consecuencia de la ausencia de estos recuerdos, cuando se pide a una persona con enfermedad de Alzheimer que elabore frases como “yo soy…” las respuestas son abstractas, vagas y carecen de detalles. Además, en cuanto a la definición de cómo somos, los acontecimientos de unas épocas de la vida podrían ser más importantes que los de otras, y concretamente parece especialmente importante el periodo que transcurre entre los 16 y los 25 años. Paradójicamente, la pérdida de recuerdos de esta época puede dar lugar a que las personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer se definan de forma menos ambigua. Es decir, se observarían respuestas más extremas en el sentido de “siempre” o “nunca” en lugar de “bastantes veces” o “pocas veces”. Esto podría deberse a que cuando nos preguntan sobre cómo actuaríamos en una determinada situación hacemos un repaso de diferentes incidentes de nuestra vida, mientras que a medida que avanza el deterioro asociado a la enfermedad es más probable que la persona mantenga un único incidente que para ella fue muy relevante. Por otra parte, cabe destacar que las personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer, leve o moderada, conservan la misma estructura de la identidad que otras personas; por ejemplo, cuando hablan de sí mismos consideran los ámbitos personal, familiar, social, moral y físico.
¿Sería de utilidad contar con un archivo detallado de nuestra vida en el caso de que padeciésemos la enfermedad de Alzheimer? Definitivamente, sí. Las fotografías, los correos y otros documentos son claves que permiten ejercitar recuerdos para que estén disponibles durante el mayor tiempo posible.
¿Para quién es especialmente importante el período entre los 16 y los 25 años, para todos o para los enfermos de Alzheimer?. Creo entender que para todos. Si es así, ¿por qué?.
Parece que los recuerdos del periodo entre los 16 y los 25 años son especialmente relevantes para todas las personas. La importancia que se atribuye a este periodo deriva, en parte, de las teorías de Erik Eriksson.
¿Crees que un yodigital sería útil para este tipo de enfermos?
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